Pabdeh Formation in Ivan- Gharb area comprises alternation of thin to thick limestones (mudstone, wackestone and packstone) and dark to light gray planktonic foraminifera bearing shale beds. Five ichnogenera, which classified in two ichnoassemblages, were recognized. The first ichnoassemblage with relatively high ichnodiversity (Arenicolites, Chonderites, Planolites and Neonerites) occurs in wackestone, mudstone and packstone facies. This assemblage of ichnofauna represents the Cruziana ICHNOFACIES, formed in a relatively high energy condition. The second ichnoassemblage with lower ichnodiversity (ZOOPHYCOS and Chondrites) is found in shale, wackestone, mudstone and packstone facies and represents the ZOOPHYCOS ICHNOFACIES which were formed in a low energy and deeper condition. Presence of horizons rich in organic matter (TOC>2%) in the middle and lower units of Pabdeh Formation containing ZOOPHYCOS ICHNOFACIES, indicate an environment with low oxygen level.

The carbonate succession of the Mobarak Formation (Mississippian) located in Central and Eastern Alborz, have a diverse trace fossils in Toyeh Rodbar and Siaheh mountain sections. In this research, different lithofacies cycles of the Mobarak Formation are examined by Markov method as well as field observations, and depositional environment has interpreted by proposed ideal sequence. To do this, the deposits of this Formation have divided into five lithofacies associations including argilaceous limestones intercalated with dark shales bearing ZOOPHYCOS ICHNOFACIES, thin-to medium-bedded limestones bearing Cruziana ICHNOFACIES, limestones bearing Skolithos ICHNOFACIES, medium-to thick-bedded limestones bearing mixed Skolithos and Cruziana ICHNOFACIES, and limestones intercalated shales without any trace fossils. Markov chain analysis shows that Mobarak Formation deposits are composed of coarsening upward cycles. A complete cycle from base to top consists of limestones intercalated shales without any trace fossils, argilaceous limestones intercalated with dark shales bearing ZOOPHYCOS ICHNOFACIES, thin-to medium-bedded limestones bearing Cruziana ICHNOFACIES, limestones bearing Skolithos ICHNOFACIES, and medium-to thick-bedded limestones bearing mixed Skolithos and Cruziana ICHNOFACIES. The development of sedimentary cycles bearing ICHNOFACIES is primarily controlled by environmental factors, e. g. sediment type, food accessibility, oxygenation and energy level. In this Formation, four ICHNOFACIES have been recognized including Cruziana, Skolithos, ZOOPHYCOS and mixed Skolithos– Cruziana ICHNOFACIES. The inner ramp sediments are characterized by low-diversity Skolithos elements.

In Kermanshah Radiolarites, Jurassic to late Cretaceous in age, three sedimentary facies including tempestite, pelagic mudstone, and radiolarian wackestone-packstone were identified. Each of these sedimentary facies accompanies by ICHNOFACIES, which reveal the depth and energy of the environment. In the tempestites (including calclithite bed, flat pebble conglomerate and hummocky cross stratification) the trace fossils with Domichnia such asThalassinoides can be observed, which indicate the energetic conditions at the time of sedimentation. Trace fossils found in pelagic limestone units have Pascichnia and Fodinichnia. These Trace fossils includePlanolites, Chondrites and Helminthopsis, which indicate distalCruziana ICHNOFACIES and show low energy condition. As a result of increasing of depth in siliceous deposits, the trace fossils with Pascichnia and Chemichnia includingScolicia, Helminthopsis, Gyrochorte and Chondrites, and Thalassinoides become dominant, which are indicative of the transitional zone between the distal Cruziana ICHNOFACIES and the ZOOPHYCOS ICHNOFACIES. The sedimentary facies and the present ICHNOFACIES are indicative of the sedimentation of these deposits in the transitional zone between the middle and the outer ramp.

Aitamir Formation (Albian-Cenomanian) in the Kopet-Dagh Basin has diverse trace fossils and several shell beds. These trace fossils contain diverse ethological patterns, including domichnia, fodinichnia, grazing, equilibrichnia, navichnia, chemichnia and fugichnia. The types of shell beds distinguished based on differences in sedimentological, palaeoecological and taphonomic features. Shell beds and sandstone layers containing characteristic trace fossils represent a storm-influenced succession. Bioturbation increases markedly towards the top of the shell beds as the energy of deposition declines to allow colonization by benthonic faunal assemblages. Types of shell beds generally including (1) initial firmground substrates in foreshore to offshore environments as indicated by the Glossifungites ICHNOFACIES, includingGastrochaenolites, Rhizocorallium and Thalassinoides, (2) basal storm-erosive lag deposits, (3) re-worked shell beds of main storm deposits as indicated by the Glossifungites ICHNOFACIES, including Ophiomorpha (4) fair-weather shell beds in a near-shore position and above fair-weather wave base. (5) Composite or multiple-event concentration from time averaged and multiple event deposit. Seven trace fossil assemblages are identified in Aitamir Formation deposits. They are (1) the ZOOPHYCOS ICHNOFACIES (2) the distal Cruziana ICHNOFACIES, (3) the archetypical Cruziana ICHNOFACIES, (4) the mixed Skolithos-Cruziana ICHNOFACIES, (5) the distal Skolithos ICHNOFACIES, (6) the archetypal Skolithos ICHNOFACIES, and (7) impoverished expression of the Skolithos ICHNOFACIES. This succession of shell beds and trace fossil assemblages reflects a gradational decrease in hydraulic energy levels induced by storms.

In present study Pabdeh Formation (late Paleoceneearly Oligocene in age) was investigated in Zagros Basin (SW Iran). Main goal of this research was elucidating depositional environment of the formation. This research was performed based on field observations and measurements, thin section petrography, trace fossils studies and OM (TOC% and kerogen type) measurements. Utilizing this multidisiplinary approach, seven microfacies assemblages were recognized. Pabdeh Formation in studied area comprises alternation of thin to Thic limestones and dark to light gray shale beds, rich in planktonic microfauna. These facies consist of mudstone, wackstone, packstone and shale beds. Based on systematic study of the ichnofossils, five ichnogenera were recognized in two separate assemblages. The first assemblage with relatively high ichnodiversity (Arenicolites, Chondrites, Planolites and probably Neonetrites) occurs in upper unit of Pabdeh Formation. This assemblage represents the Cruzian ICHNOFACIES, formed in a relatively high-energy condition. The second assemblage with lower ichnodiversity (ZOOPHYCOS and Chondrites) is found in middle and lower units of the formation and represents the ZOOPHYCOS ICHNOFACIES wich were formed in a low energy and deeper condition. Vertical stacking of these facies suggests a shallowing-upward trend of the facies deposited in a distally steepend carbonate ramp, wherein the depositional setting evolved from an outer ramp with pelagic and turbidite facies (Microfacies 4B and 4C) and reducing condition to oxygen depleted waters (TOC>2.5%) that gradually changed into middle ramp where marine currents (e.g. turbidity currents) had important roles in sediment reworking and redeposition.

In recent years, continental ichnology has gained great importance in the stratigraphy, basin analysis and paleogeography studies and widely used in understanding environmental parameters and paleoecological conditions. The study area in the Birjand city is a part of the sedimentary-structural zone of eastern Iran and includes alluvial sedimentary deposits with Neogene age. Based on the previous studies, the above-mentioned alluvial deposits include conglomerate, sandstone and mudstone lithofacies which were deposited in the fluvial system based on their textural features and sedimentary structures. Lithofacies, facies associations and the abundance of sediment gravity flow and channel-fill deposits, in the studied alluvial deposits indicate the existence of a braided fluvial system close to the source during the Neogene time. Field observations of the sand and mud deposits of the studied alluvial terraces indicate the presence of continental trace fossils in these sediments. Based on the observed burrows of these sediments, two Coprinisphaera and Skolithos ICHNOFACIES and six distinct ichnogenus can be distinguished in these continental deposits, which confirm the deposition of these sediments in the adjacent parts of active channel and floodplain of fluvial system.

Aitamir Formation (Albian-Cenomanian) crops out in the Kopet-Dagh basin in north-east Iran. It is mainly composed of sandstone, shale, siltstone, and several carbonate beds. In siliciclastic sediments of the Aitamir Formation, mud beds show a significant decrease in bioturbations with respect to sandstone beds. Based on ichnofossils studies, nine trace fossils were identified in sandstone, siltstone and carbonate beds which include of Thalassinoides suevicus and Thalassinoides isp. (Glossifungites ICHNOFACIES), Ophiomorpha nodosa, Palaeophycus tubularis, Skolithos isp. (Skolithos ICHNOFACIES) and Thalassinoides isp., Planolites isp., Cylindrichnous concentricus, Chondrites isp., Ophiomorpha nodosa, Palaeophycus tubularis and Teichichnus isp. (Cruziana ICHNOFACIES). Skolithos ICHNOFACIES formed in high energy condition with respect to Cruziana ICHNOFACIES and Glossifungites ICHNOFACIES. Skolithos ICHNOFACIES with low diversity, Skolithos isp. and vertical orientation Ophiomorpha present in well sorted and  trough- hummocky cross bedded sandy substrate. This ICHNOFACIES indicates of high energy barrier complex. Whereas Cruziana ICHNOFACIES and Glossifungites ICHNOFACIES with higher diversity and mainly horizontal to slightly oblique, trace fossils in sandy substrate with moderate sorting are formed in low energy condition in shoreface environment. Sedimentary evidences and investigated ICHNOFACIES in vertical succession show that sandstones in the lower portion of the Aitamir Formation formed in barrier complex and sandstones sediment in upper portion deposited in shoreface environments.

The Pabdeh Formation (Paleocene to Oligocene in age) comprises alternation of marl and limestone with the Purple Shale at the base is well exposed on the flanks of the Kabir-Kuh. Thalassinoides, Rhizocorallium, Planolites, Chondrites, cf. Rosselia, Spirophyton and ZOOPHYCOS were found in the limestone beds, among which trace fossils of ZOOPHYCOS group (Spirophyton and ZOOPHYCOS) are the most abundant. Structural variations of trace fossils of ZOOPHYCOS group were utiliized for recognition of five morphotypes including Rhizocorallium-shaped, branched ZOOPHYCOS, Spirophyton, short and fan-shaped lobate ZOOPHYCOS and long lobate ZOOPHYCOS morphotypes. Occurrence of these morphotypes in the studied sections implies an evolutionary trend, i. e. Rhizocorallium-shaped and branched ZOOPHYCOS morphotypes are developed in the lower parts of studied sections, whereas Spirophyton morphotype, is arranged in the mid-part of the Pabdeh Formation. Finally, short and fanshaped lobate and long lobate ZOOPHYCOS morphotypes are abundant in the upper part of the formation. Seemingly, these morphotypes variation were adopted with switch of stable and calm water to unstable and relatively high energy environments.

Based on systematic study of the ichnofossils of the Upper Ordovician in west of Shahrud, 13 trace fossils, including:Comorhaphe cf. lobata, Spirophycus ichnosp., Neonerites uniserialis, Neonerites biserialis, Neonerites ichnosp., Didymaulichus ichnosp., Lorenzina cf. kulczynski, Protopaleodictyon ichnosp., Helmintopsis ichnosp., Paleodictyon ichnosp., Phycodes palmatum, Palaeophycus cf. striatus, Palaeophycus sulcatus, Planolites ichnosp., Thalassinoides ichnosp., Socolicia ichnsop. Have been recognized. These ichnofossils represent the nereites ICHNOFACIES and indicate that the sediments formed in a relatively deep marine condition. The sedimentary structures and field observations confirm the data obtained from the ichnofossils.

Nayband Formation is composed of sandstone, coal bearing shales, siltstone, and fossiliferous limestone in the southwest Tabas section, east central Iran. In this section, it is 1410 m in thickness and Late Triassic in age. A divers trace fossils have been found in the middle parts of sequence as 400-600 m. These trace fossils include Lockeia isp., Palaeophycus tubularis, Palaeophycus striatus, Planolites beverleyensis, Rhizocorallium isp., Rosselia isp., and cf. Treptichnus isp. This ichnoassemblage is attributable to Cruziana ICHNOFACIES with presence of Lockeia isp., Rhizocorallium isp., and, Rosselia isp. This part of Nayband Formation was deposited in low energy conditions below fair-weather wave base.